Journal: Regenerative Therapy
Article Title: Engineering cardiac regeneration using stem cells: Cellular sources, differentiation signatures, targeted delivery, and functional recovery
doi: 10.1016/j.reth.2026.101120
Figure Lengend Snippet: Pluripotency and differentiating capacity of embryonic stem cells (ESCs). ESCs are created from the inner cell mass (ICM) of the blastocyst stage. They can develop into all three germ layers: the ectoderm (which later gives rise to the brain, skin, and eyes), the endoderm (which gives rise to the lungs, liver, and gut), and the mesoderm (which gives rise to the bones, blood, and muscles). ESCs undergo in vitro differentiation using specific protocols, forming embryoid bodies that mimic early-stage embryogenesis. They may also be implanted in vivo, where they can assist in tissue regeneration. Still, they may, in rare cases, develop into teratomas: complex tumors that contain tissues from all three germ layers. ESCs may also assist in repairing organs, although they may be unregulated and pose risks such as teratocarcinoma.
Article Snippet: Embryonic Stem Cells (ESCs) , - Regeneration of damaged myocardium - replacement of cardiomyocytes , Differentiation into functional cardiomyocytes , Geron Corporation studies (preclinical models) [ ] .
Techniques: Muscles, In Vitro, In Vivo